Stereotypes And Stereotypes Of The Black Community

Throughout the history of motion pictures, prejudice directors have used film to control how the general public views certain demographics of people. In particular, the black community has historically been viewed in a negative light. Stereotypes were created through literature and film that still affect African Americans. Directors and writers would create relatable stories and attach demeaning traits to black people that have qualities in common with Black Americans. This would force readers and viewers to subconsciously attach these stereotypes black people. Examples of these stereotypes can be found in Uncle Tom’s Cabin and The Birth of a Nation. Derogatory terms such as â€Å"Bucks,† â€Å"Toms,† â€Å"Coons,† and â€Å"Mulattos†, have put African†¦show more content†¦Deebo replies in the most aggressive of ways saying, â€Å"Stop being a bitch and come on†. As they are walking towards Stanley’s window, Deebo turns around and tells Craig, â€Å"If somebody comes, whistle.† When Craig tells Deebo he is not interested in getting involved, Deebo replies, â€Å"If you don’t get involved, I’m gonna knock your ass out too†. Due to dominance, and lack of respect for the law, Deebo has filled the shoes of a Buck. Big Worm’s dominance is show while he is working part time as an ice cream man. While a kid is purchasing a bag of Chili Fritos, Big Worm calls over Smokey to collect the money that he has earned from selling marijuana. Big Worm becomes irate when Smokey does not have the money to pay him. The kid then asks, â€Å"Can I have my Chili Fritos,† Big Worm’s response is â€Å"You can’t have shit. I’m closed, fat boy.† Big Worm’s anger led him to not give the kid his Fritos nor his money. This is the classic example of a Buck’s anger causing them to make illegal decisions without regard for the law. An Uncle Tom is someon e of lower class who is excessively obedient to upper class white people. This term was founded in Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin in 1852. Due to the age of the term and the advancement of this country, the term’s definition has changed slightly. Today, the Uncle Tom stereotype describes Black men that unnecessarily go out of their way to please and emulateShow MoreRelatedAn Inside Look at Melissa Harris-Perry Essay1597 Words   |  7 Pagesmyths surrounding black women and the implication that correlate with these myths. Perry focuses on three main stereotypes of black women that began with slavery and are still prevalent in society today. Perry not only examines the depth and causes of these stereotypes, but she also scrutinizes their role in African Americans lives as citizens today. Black women today are not only separated from society outside of the African American community, but there are also existing stereotypes within the cultureRead MoreNe gative Stereotypes in Reality Television1639 Words   |  7 Pagesthough negative stereotypes overtly saturate this genre of entertainment. The popularity of reality TV shows subliminally support the preconceived or self-fulfilling prophesy consumers may have towards a certain person or group of people. Reality TV has had an extensive run demeaning African Americans while perpetuating stereotypes. More specifically today, black men are portrayed as stereotypical Brute individuals on the reality TV show Love and Hip Hop Atlanta. The Brute stereotype dates back toRead MoreHow Stereotypes Affect Society Essay997 Words   |  4 Pageswill discuses what stereotypes are, how they affect people and how stereotypes can affect society. However, the common factor in either situation is that no good comes from stereotyping others. All most everyone in there lifetime has stereotyped others are have been a victim of stereotypes. A stereotype is the belief about another culture, race or a person that has no logic or evidence to support there negative thoughts. Many people believe that when a person stereotypes another it is the lackRead MoreRace in the Media739 Words   |  3 Pagessensitive issue now a days. When it comes to minorities we can still see that the media portrays us in a bad light. The image of blacks in the American media has changed over the past two decades with the civil rights movement, changes in attitudes towards minority groups, and increased sensitivity on the part of those who and project these images. An examination of the image of Blacks in the articles and advertisements to show attitudes subtly represented, and these attitudes can be linked to historicalRead MoreBlack Culture And Issues Within The Media1625 Words   |  7 Pagestelevision that have had a focus on black culture and i ssues within the community. The Television shows Fresh Prince of Bel Air and Black-ish bring to light and successfully decode the 20th to 21st century race issues, specifically black male issues that have not been adequately dealt with in the mainstream media. Mainstream television has had black characters and have covered black issues, but they often have characters that fit and fuel stereotypes about the black male. These characters are sometimesRead MoreStereotypical Images Of Mexican Americans And Black Americans909 Words   |  4 PagesAmericans and Black Americans in the contemporary media? Angel Garcia Bakersfield College In today’s society judging races and ethnic groups have left stereotypical images on them. Stereotypical images are seen all over, even in contemporary media. Hispanic Americans and Black Americans are two ethnic groups that I’ve recognized on having that stereotypical image in the contemporary media. Hispanic Americans and Black Americans are left with harm because of these stereotypes that have beenRead MoreMedia s Effect On Black Children Essay1201 Words   |  5 PagesMedia has conditioned society into thinking racial stereotypes are the norm. â€Å"Irish people are drunks† and â€Å"Asians are good at math† are all classic examples of common racial stereotypes. Author Michael Omi of â€Å"In Living Color: Race and American Culture† asserts how media presentation of minorities establishes peoples perspectives of â€Å"these groups†. However, where do racial stereotypes media portray originate from? It comes from the establishment of A merica oppressing others. Minorities haveRead MoreThe Misogynoir In The Tornado Girl, By Gwendolyn Brooks1656 Words   |  7 PagesBoth texts are meant to uplift black women and both texts fail in their goal. â€Å"Karintha† celebrates the beauty of black women and begins with describing the beauty of black womanhood from childhood. An example of that is in the line, â€Å"Men had always wanted her, this Karintha, even as a child, Karintha carrying beauty, perfect as dusk when the sun goes down.† (Toomer, â€Å"Karintha†). That line is also an example of how even at a young age black women are objectified. Black girls often mature at a muchRead MoreBlack Women Stereotypes763 Words   |  4 Pagesof African-American women and men in popular culture have influenced societal views of Blacks for centuries. The typical stereotypes about Black women range from the smiling, asexual and often obese Mammy to the promiscuous Jezebel who lures men with her sexual charm s. However, the loud, smart mouthed, neck-rolling Black welfare mother is the popular image on reality television. The typical stereotype about Black men is the violent, misogynistic thug, and the ever-enduring pimp. These images portrayedRead MoreRemember The Titans Film Analysis1202 Words   |  5 Pagesprinciples of racism, conformity and stereotypes. The first social phycological principle that was shown a lot throughout the movie was racism. Racism which is defined as prejudice, discrimination, or antagonism directed against someone of a different race based on the belief that one s own race is superior. One of the most discreet scenes that showed racism was the scene in the beginning when the blacks and whites were having a riot, screaming at each other because a black person was killed by a white

Night World Daughters of Darkness Chapter 4 Free Essays

What a difference a day made. Somehow, in the hot, hazy August sunlight the -next morning, Mary-Lynnette couldn’t get serious about checking on whether Mrs. Burdock was dead. We will write a custom essay sample on Night World : Daughters of Darkness Chapter 4 or any similar topic only for you Order Now It was just too ridiculous. Besides, she had a lot to do-school started in just over two weeks. At the beginning of June she had been sure summer would last forever, sure that she would neversay, â€Å"Wow, this summer has gone by so fast.† And now here she stood in mid-August, and she was saying, â€Å"Wow, it’s gone by so fast.† I need clothes, Mary-Lynnette thought. And a new backpack, and notebooks, and some of those little purple felt-tip pens. And I need to make Mark get all those things, too, because he won’t do it by himself and Claudine will never make him. Claudine was their stepmother. She was Belgian and very pretty, with curly dark hair and sparklingdark eyes. She was only ten years older than MaryLynnette, and she looked even younger. She’d been the family’s housecleaning helper when Mary Lynnette’s mom first got sick five years ago. MaryLynnette liked her, but she was hopeless as a substitute mother, and Mary-Lynnette usually ended up taking charge of Mark. So I don’t have time to go over to Mrs. B.’s. She spent the day shopping. It wasn’t until after dinner that she thought about Mrs. Burdock again. She was helping to dear dishes out of the family room, where dinner was traditionally eaten in front of the TV, when her father said, â€Å"I heard something today about Todd Akers and Vic Kimble.† â€Å"Those losers,† Mark muttered. Mary-Lynnette said, â€Å"What?† â€Å"They had some kind of accident over on Chiloquin Road-over between Hazel Green Creek and Beavercreek.† â€Å"A car accident?† Mary-Lynnette said. â€Å"Well, this is the thing,† her father said. â€Å"Apparently there wasn’t any damage to their car, but they both thought they’d been in an accident. They showed up at home after midnight and said that something had happened to them out there-but they didn’tknow what. They were missing a few hours.† He looked at Mark and Mary-Lynnette. â€Å"How about that, guys?† â€Å"It’s the UFOs!† Mark shouted immediately, dropping into discus-throwing position and wiggling his plate. â€Å"UFOs are a crock,† Mary-Lynnette said. â€Å"Do youknow how far the little green men would have to travel-and there’s no suchthing as warp speed. Whydo people have to make things up when the universe is just just blazing with incredible things that are real-â€Å"She stopped. Her family was looking at her oddly. â€Å"Actually Todd and Vic probably just got smashed,† she said, and put her plate and glass in the sink. Her father grimaced slightly. Claudine pursed her lips. Mark grinned. â€Å"In a very real and literal sense,† he said. â€Å"We hope.† It was as Mary-Lynnette was walking back to the family room that a thought struck her. Chiloquin Road was right off Kahneta, the road her own house was on. The road Mrs. B.’s house was on.It was only two miles from Burdock Farm to Chiloquin. There couldn’t be any connection. Unless the girls were burying the little green man who’d abductedVic and Todd. But it bothered her. Two really strange things happening in the same night, in the same area. In a tiny, sleepy area that never saw any kind of excitement. I know, I’ll call Mrs. B. And she’ll be fine, and that’ll prove everything’s okay, and I’ll be able to laugh about all this. But nobody answered at the Burdock house. The phone rang and rang. Nobody picked it up and the answering machine never came on. Mary-Lynnettehung up feeling grim but oddly calm. She knew what she had to do now. She snagged Mark as he was going up the stairs. â€Å"I need to talk to you.† â€Å"Look, if this is about your Walkman-â€Å" â€Å"Huh? It’s about something we have to do tonight.† Mary-Lynnette looked at him. â€Å"What aboutmy Walkman?† â€Å"Uh, nothing. Nothing at all.† Mary-Lynnette groaned but let it go. â€Å"Listen, Ineed you to help me out. Last night I saw something weird when I was on the hill†¦.† She explained as succinctly as possible. â€Å"And now more weird stuff with Todd and Vic,† she said. Mark was shaking his head, looking at her in something like pity. â€Å"Mare, Mare,† he said kindly. â€Å"You really are crazy, you know.† â€Å"Yes,† Mary-Lynnette said. â€Å"It doesn’t matter. I’m still going over there tonight.† â€Å"To do what?† â€Å"To check things out. I just want toseeMrs. B. If I can talk to her, I’ll feel better. And if I can find out what’s buried in that garden, I’ll feel a wholelotbetter.† â€Å"Maybe they were burying Sasquatch. That government study in the Klamaths never did find him, you know.† â€Å"Mark, you owe me for the Walkman. For whatever happened to the Walkman.† â€Å"Uh†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Mark sighed, then muttered resignedly.†Okay, I owe you. But I’m telling you right now, I’m not going to talk to those girls.† â€Å"You don’t have to talk to them. You don’t evenhave to see them. There’s something else I want youto do.† The sun was just setting. They’d walked this roada hundred times to get to Mary-Lynnette’s hill-the only difference tonight was that Mark was carryinga pair of pruning shears and Mary-Lynnette had pulled the Rubylith filter off her flashlight. â€Å"You don’t reallythink they offed the old lady.† â€Å"No,† Mary-Lynnette said candidly. â€Å"I just want to put the world back where it belongs.† â€Å"You want what?† â€Å"You know how you have a view of the way theworld is, but every so often you wonder, ‘Oh, myGod, what if it’s really different?’Like, ‘What if I’m really adopted and the people I think are my parentsaren’t my parents at all?’ And if it were true, it would change everything, and for a minute you don’t know what’s real. Well, that’s how I feel right now, and I want to get rid of it. I want my old world back.† â€Å"You know what’s scary?† Mark said. â€Å"I think Iunderstand.† By the time they got to Burdock Farm, it was full dark. Ahead of them, in the west, the star Arcturus seemed to hang over the farmhouse, glittering faintly red. Mary-Lynnette didn’t bother trying to deal withthe rickety gate. She went to the place behind the blackberry bushes where the picket fence had fallen flat. The farmhouse was like her own family’s, but with lots of Victorian-style gingerbread added. MaryLynnette thought the spindles and scallops and fretwork gave it a whimsical air-eccentric, like Mrs. Burdock. Just now, as she was looking at one of the second-story windows, the shadow of a moving figure fell on the roller blind. Good, Mary-Lynnette thought. At least I know somebody’s home. Mark began hanging back as they walked down the weedy path to the house. â€Å"You said I could hide.† â€Å"Okay. Right. Look, why don’t you take thoseshears and sort of go around back-â€Å" â€Å"And look at the Sasquatch grave while I’m there? Maybe do a little digging? I don’t think so.† â€Å"Fine,† Mary-Lynnette said calmly. â€Å"Then hidesomewhere out here and hope they don’t see you when they come to the door. At least with the shears you have an excuse to be in the back.† Mark threw her a bitter glance and she knew she’dwon. As he started off, Mary-Lynnette said suddenly, â€Å"Mark, be careful.† Mark just waved a dismissive hand at her without turning around. When he was out of sight, Mary-Lynnette knockedon the front door. Then she rang the doorbellitwasn’t a button but an actual bellpull. She could hear chimes inside, but nobody answered. She knocked and rang with greater authority. Every minute she kept expecting the door to open to reveal Mrs. B., petite, gravelly-voiced, blue-haired,dressed in an old cotton housedress. But it didn’t happen. Nobody came. Mary-Lynnette stopped being polite and began knocking with one hand and ringing with the other. It was somewhere in the middle of this frenzy ofknocks and rings that she realized she was frightened. Really frightened. Her world view was wobbling.Mrs. Burdock hardly ever left the house. She always answered the door. And Mary-Lynnette had seenwith her own eyes that somebody was home here. So why weren’t they answering? Mary-Lynnette’s heart was beating very hard. She had an uncomfortable falling sensation in her stomach. I should get out of here and call Sheriff Akers. It’s his job to know what to do about things like this.But it was hard to work up any feeling of confidence in Todd’s father. She took her alarm and frustration out on the door. Which opened. Suddenly. Mary-Lynnette’s fist hit air and for an instant she felt sheer panic, fear of the unknown. â€Å"What can I do for you?† The voice was soft and beautifully modulated. Thegirl was just plain beautiful. What Mary-Lynnette hadn’t been able to see from the top of her hill was that the brown hair was aglow with rich chestnut highlights, the features were classically molded, the tall figure was graceful and willowy. â€Å"You’re Rowan,† she said. â€Å"How did you know?† You couldn’t be anything else; I’ve never seen anybody who looked so much like tree spirit. â€Å"Your aunt told me about you. I’m Mary-Lynnette Carter, Ilive just up Kahneta Road. You probably saw my house on your way here.† Rowan looked noncommittal. She had such a sweet,grave face-,and skin that looked like white orchid petals, Mary-Lynnette thought abstractedly. She said, â€Å"So, I just wanted to welcome you to the neighborhood, say hello, see if there’s anything you need.† Rowan looked less grave; she almost smiled and her brown eyes grew warm. â€Å"How nice of you. Really. I almost wish we did need something †¦ but actually we’re fine.† Mary-Lynnette realized that, with the utmost civility and good manners, Rowan was winding up the conversation. Hastily she threw a new subject into the pool. â€Å"There are three of you girls, right? Are you going to school here?† â€Å"My sisters are.† â€Å"That’s great. I can help show them around. I’ll be a senior this year.† Another subject, quick, MaryLynnette thought. â€Å"So, how do you like Briar Creek? It’s probably quieter than you’re used to.† â€Å"Oh, it was pretty quiet where we came from,†Rowan said. â€Å"But we love it here; it’s such a wonderful place. The trees, the little animals. . .† She broke off. â€Å"Yeah, those cute little animals,† Mary-Lynnette said. Get to the point, her inner voices were telling her. Her tongue and the roof of her mouth felt like Velcro. Finally she blurted, â€Å"So-so, um, how is your aunt right now?† â€Å"She’s-fine.† That instant’s hesitation was all Mary-Lynnette needed. Her old suspicions, her old panic, surged up immediately. Making her feel bright and cold, like aknife made of ice. She found herself saying in a confident, almost chirpy voice, â€Å"Well, could I just talk to her for a minute? Would you mind? It’s just that I have something sort of important to tellher†¦.† She made a move as if to step over the threshold. Rowan kept on blocking the door. â€Å"Oh, I’m sosorry. Butwell, that’s not really possible rightnow.† â€Å"Oh, is it one of her headaches? I’ve seen her in bed before.† Mary-Lynnette gave a little tinkly laugh. â€Å"No, it’s not a headache.† Rowan spoke gently, deliberately. â€Å"The truth is that she’s gone for a few days.† â€Å"Gone?† â€Å"I know.† Rowan made a little grimace acknowledging that this was odd. â€Å"She just decided to take a few days off. A little vacation.† â€Å"But-gosh, with you girls just getting here†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Mary-Lynnette’s voice was brittle. â€Å"Well, you see, she knew we’d take care of thehouse for her. That’s why she waited until we came.† â€Å"But-gosh,† Mary-Lynnette said again. She felt aspasm in her throat. â€Å"Where-just where did she go?† â€Å"Up north, somewhere on the coast. I’m not sure of the name of the town.† â€Å"But . . .† Mary-Lynnette’s voice trailed off. Back off, her inner voices warned.Now was the time to be polite, to be cautious. Pushing it meant showing this girl that Mary-Lynnette knew something was wrong with this story. And since somethingwas wrong, thisgirl might be dangerous†¦. It was hard to believe that while looking at Rowan’ssweet, grave face. She didn’t look dangerous. But thenMary-Lynnette noticed something else. Rowan was barefoot. Her feet were as creamy-pale as the rest ofher, but sinewy. Something about them, the way they were placed or the clean definition of the toes, made Mary-Lynnette think of those feet running. Of savage, primal speed. When she looked up, there was another girl walking up behind Rowan. The one with dark golden hair. Her skin was milky instead of blossomy, and her eyes were yellow. â€Å"This is Kestrel,† Rowan said. â€Å"Yes,† Mary-Lynnette said. She realized she was staring. And realized, the moment after that, that shewas scared. Everything about Kestrel made her thinkof savage, primal movement. The girl walked as if she were flying. â€Å"What’s going on?† Kestrel said. â€Å"This is Mary-Lynnette,† Rowan said, her, voice still pleasant. â€Å"She lives down the road. She came to see Aunt Opal.† â€Å"Really just to see if you needed anything,† MaryLynnette interjected quickly. â€Å"We’re sort of your only neighbors.† Strategy change, she was thinking. About-face. Looking at Kestrel, she believed in danger. Now all she wanted was to keep these girls from guessing what she knew. â€Å"You’re a friend of Aunt Opal’s?† Kestrel asked silkily. Her yellow eyes swept Mary-Lynnette, first up, then down. â€Å"Yeah, I come over sometimes, help her withthe†-oh, God, don’t say gardening-â€Å"goats. Um, I guess she told you that they need to be milked everytwelve hours.† Rowan’s expression changed fractionally. MaryLynnette’s heart gave a violent thud. Mrs. B. would never,everleave without giving instructions aboutthe goats. â€Å"Of course she told us,† Rowan said smoothly, justan instant too late. Mary-Lynnette’s palms were sweating. Kestrelhadn’t taken that keen, dispassionate, unblinkinggaze off her for a moment. Like the proverbial birdof prey staring down the proverbial rabbit. â€Å"Well, it’sgetting late and I bet you guys have things to do. I should let you go.† Rowan and Kestrel looked at each other. Then theyboth looked at Mary-Lynnette, cinnamon-brown eyes and golden eyes fixed intently on her face.Mary-Lynnette had the falling feeling in her stomach again. â€Å"Oh, don’t goyet,† Kestrel said silkily. â€Å"Why don’tyou come inside?† How to cite Night World : Daughters of Darkness Chapter 4, Essay examples

Physioex free essay sample

At what pH was the amylase most active? Describe the significance of this result. PH 7. 0. Amylase is most active in neutral areas, such as the mouth and the small intestine (duodenum). 4. Briefly describe the need for controls and give an example used in this activity. Controls are needed to validate the results of the experiment. One example is testing for sugar using Benedicts test on Amylase The negative control was used to detect if amylase was contaminated with maltose or not. 5. Describe the significance of using a ICC incubation temperature to test salivary amylase activity. ICC simulates an environment of normal body temperature. _ A Exploring Amylase Substrate Specificity 1. Describe why the results in tube 1 and tube 2 are the same. _Len tube #1 the amylase is hydroplaning the starch to glucose, in tube #2 the glucose is already present in the hydroxide form. 2. Describe the result in tube 3. How well did the results compare with your prediction? _ Amylase cannot digest cellulose, so tube #3 is not positive for Benedicts test. We will write a custom essay sample on Physioex or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 3. Describe the usual substrate for peptidase. _A protein (BANANA in this experiment). 4. Explain how bacteria can aid in digestion.Bacteria can aid in digestion by breaking down cellulose with the enzyme cellulose, humans do not produce this enzyme. _Actuality Assessing Pepsin Digestion of Protein 1 . Describe the effect that boiling had on pepsin and how you could tell that it had that effect. _Boiling denatured the enzyme. You can tell because the protein was not digested in tube #1 . There was no color change a density of O. 2. Was your prediction correct about the optimal pH for pepsin activity? Discuss the physiological correlation behind your results. _Yes. The optimum pH matches the pH secreted by gastric glands.Gastric Juice is also close to pH 2. 3. What do you think would happen if you reduced the incubation time to 30 minutes for tube 5? _ This would reduce digestion in tube 5. _ A CT I VI TTY 4 Assessing Lipase Digestion of Fat 1. Explain why you cant fully test the lipase activity in tube 5. _Measurement of lipase activity uses a decrease in PH. Because the pH in Tube #5 is already very low, it is hard to tell if fatty acids are released. 2. Which tube had the highest lipase activity? How well did the results compare with your prediction? Discuss possible reasons why it may or may not have matched. Test tube #1 should have the highest activity because the pH is closest to that of the small intestine. 3. Explain why pancreatic lipase would be active in both the mouth and the intestine. _Pancreatic lipase is most active at pH 7. 0 The pH of the mouth is 7. 0 ; the pH of the small intestine is close to 8. 0 so the enzyme would function in both places.

Position Paper over Death Penalty free essay sample

The death penalty should be abolished. I absolutely agree with this statement. From a personal standpoint, I do not believe in the death penalty for several reasons. One is the fear of someone being put to death that is innocent. It is also, in my opinion, just as much punishment to sentence someone to life in prison without the chance for parole. From a business standpoint I do not believe the death penalty is cost effective. I know that it is expensive to run prisons; however it is also very costly to those states that do use the death penalty. In some states juries make the decision on which convicted criminals are put to death and in some states judges make these decisions. I am also again the death penalty because I do not feel that any person should have the part they played in putting someone to death on their conscious forever. We will write a custom essay sample on Position Paper over Death Penalty or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The Los Angeles Daily News reported that a republican, Don Heller, former prosecutor, and the author of the 1978 ballot initiative to that reinstated California’s death penalty, â€Å"voiced his support for replacing the death penalty with life without parole. In this article, Mr. Heller states that there are â€Å"staggering† costs and there is a significant risk of executing the innocent. He also states that he feels that at least one innocent person may have been executed under California’s current death penalty law. I agree with Mr. Heller’s current position on this subject. As a juror, prosecutor or judge, I think making this decision would be hard and that I would contemplate if I made the right decision for the rest of my life. William S.Sessions, a former director of the FBI and a former judge and prosecutor recently made this statement regarding the death sentence of Troy Davis â€Å"Without DNA or other forms of physical or scientific evidence that can be objectively measured and tested, it is possible that doubt about guilt in this case will never be resolved. However, when it comes to the sentence of death, there should be no room for doubt. † Mr. Sessions has an accurate argument and there is reportedly very much doubt to the guilt of Troy Davis in this case. Troy Davis will be put to death at 7pm on the very day that I am writing this paper. By the time his paper reaches you, a man with a doubtful conviction will be dead. On September 22, Derrick Mason will also be executed. The judge who imposed this death sentence on Mason in 1995 has written a letter to be submitted to the Alabama governor requesting Mason’s sentence be commuted to life in prison without parole. This judge had only been on the bench six months when he heard Mason’s case. The cost effectiveness of the death penalty is something many people are rethinking. As of January 1st of this year, on death row there are 3,251 people in the US on death row. However, Troy Davis is only the 34th person put to death in the US this year. In 2010 there were a total of 46 executions and in 1998 a 30 year high of 98. By using the death penalty we are only taking . 00003% of US inmates out of our prison system. On the other hand, the cost to implement the death penalty is approximately $137 million per year in California alone in ongoing costs. The state of Florida alone spends an estimated $51 million annually on this nonsense and for their investment they have not executed anyone in going on a year and a half. The cost of the present execution system in California with reforms recommended by the Commission to ensure a fair process would be $232 million per year†¦ almost an $100 million dollar increase. My position on this is to implement a life in prison without parole sentence rather that the current death sentence. Numbers do not lie on the cost effectiveness of this. The cost to impose the maximum penalty of lifetime incarceration instead of the death penalty is . 08% of the current death penalty costs in one state alone. This narrows annual costs from $137 million to a significantly less $11. 5 million. Each death penalty case in Texas costs taxpayers about $2. 3 million, 3 times the cost of imprisoning someone in a single cell at the highest security level for 40 years. It is my opinion that there are many cases in which are not tried correctly and fairly. Of the over 1,000 people executed, it is my belief that innocent people we killed and that many unnecessary tax dollars were spent. The $126 million we could save annually if the death penalty was abolished could be put at the forefront of crime in order to prevent it. I think many would agree with my position on the death penalty. References: http://usgovinfo.about.com/cs/censusstatistic/a/aaprisonpop.htm

Domestication History of Chickens (Gallus domesticus)

Domestication History of Chickens (Gallus domesticus) The history of chickens (Gallus domesticus) is still a bit of a puzzle. Scholars agree that they were first domesticated from a wild form called red junglefowl (Gallus gallus), a bird that still runs wild in most of southeast Asia, most likely hybridized with the gray junglefowl (G. sonneratii). That occurred probably about 8,000 years ago. Recent research suggests, however, there may have been multiple other domestication events in distinct areas of South and Southeast Asia, southern China, Thailand, Burma, and India. Since the wild progenitor of chickens is still living, several studies have been able to examine the behaviors of wild and domestic animals. Domesticated chickens are less active, have fewer social interactions with other chickens, are less aggressive to would-be predators, are less susceptible to stress, and are less likely to go looking for foreign food sources than their wild counterparts. Domestic chickens have increased adult body weight and simplified plumage; domestic chicken egg production starts earlier, is more frequent, and produces larger eggs. Chicken Dispersals Chickens, Chang Mai, Thailand. David Wilmot The earliest possible domestic chicken remains are from the Cishan site (~5400 BCE) in northern China, but whether they are domesticated is controversial. Firm evidence of domesticated chickens isnt found in China until 3600 BCE. Domesticated chickens appear at Mohenjo-Daro in the Indus Valley by about 2000 BCE and from there the chicken spread into Europe and Africa. Chickens arrived in the Middle East starting with Iran at 3900 BCE, followed by Turkey and Syria (2400–2000 BCE) and into Jordan by 1200 BCE. The earliest firm evidence for chickens in east Africa are illustrations from several sites in New Kingdom Egypt. Chickens were introduced into western Africa multiple times, arriving at Iron Age sites such as Jenne-Jeno in Mali, Kirikongo in Burkina Faso and Daboya in Ghana by the mid-first millennium CE. Chickens arrived in the southern Levant about 2500 BCE and in Iberia about 2000 BCE. Chickens were brought to the Polynesian islands from Southeast Asia by Pacific Ocean sailors during the Lapita expansion, about 3,300 years ago. While it was long assumed that chickens had been brought to the Americas by the Spanish conquistadors, presumably pre-Columbian chickens have been identified at several sites throughout the Americas, most notably at the site of El Arenal-1 in Chile, ca 1350 CE. Chicken Origins: China? Two long-standing debates in chicken history still remain at least partially unresolved. The first is the possible early presence of domesticated chickens in China, prior to dates from southeast Asia; the second is whether or not there are pre-Columbian chickens in the Americas. Genetic studies in the early 21st century first hinted at multiple origins of domestication. The earliest archaeological evidence to date is from China about 5400 BCE, in geographically widespread sites such as  Cishan  (Hebei province, ca 5300 BCE), Beixin  (Shandong province, ca 5000 BCE), and Xian (Shaanxi province, ca 4300 BCE). In 2014, a few studies were published supporting the identification of early chicken domestication in northern and central China (Xiang et al.). However, their results remain controversial. A 2016 study by Chinese bioanthropologist Masaki Eda  and colleagues of 280 bird bones reported as chicken from Neolithic and Bronze age sites in northern and central China found that only a handful could securely be identified as chicken. German archaeologist Joris Peters and colleagues (2016) looked at environmental proxies in addition to other research and concluded that the habitats conducive to jungle fowl were simply not present early enough in China to allow for the domestication practice to have taken place. These researchers suggest that chickens were a rare occurrence in northern and Central China, and thus probably an import from southern China or Southeast Asia where evidence of domestication is stronger.   Based on those findings, and despite the fact that southeast Asian progenitor sites have not as yet been identified, a northern Chinese domestication event separate from that of southern China and Southeast Asia does not seem likely. Pre-Columbian Chickens in America In 2007, American archaeologist Alice Storey and colleagues identified what appeared to be chicken bones at the site of El-Arenal 1 on Chiles coast, in a context dated before the 16th-century medieval Spanish colonization, ca. 1321–1407 cal CE. The discovery is considered evidence of pre-Columbian contact of South America by Polynesian sailors, still a somewhat controversial notion in American archaeology. However, DNA studies have provided genetic support, in that chicken bones from el-Arenal contain a haplogroup which has been identified at Easter Island, which was founded by Polynesians around 1200 CE. The founding mitochondrial DNA cluster identified as Polynesian chickens includes A, B, E, and D. Tracing sub-haplogroups, Portuguese geneticist Agusto Luzuriaga-Neira and colleagues have identified one found only in eastern Asia and one from Easter Island. The presence of the sub-haplotype E1a(b) in both Easter Island and el-Arenal chickens is a key piece of genetic evidence supporting the pre-Columbian presence of Polynesian chickens on the coast of South America. Additional evidence suggesting precolumbian contact between South Americans and Polynesians has been identified, in the form of ancient and modern DNA of human skeletons in both locations. Currently, it seems likely that the chickens at el-Arenal were brought there by Polynesian sailors. Sources Dodson, John, and Guanghui Dong. What Do We Know About Domestication in Eastern Asia? Quaternary International 426 (2016): 2-9. Print.Eda, Masaki, et al. Reevaluation of Early Holocene Chicken Domestication in Northern China. Journal of Archaeological Science 67 (2016): 25-31. Print.Fallahsharoudi, Amir, et al. Genetic and Targeted Eqtl Mapping Reveals Strong Candidate Genes Modulating the Stress Response During Chicken Domestication. G3: Genes|Genomes|Genetics 7.2 (2017): 497-504. Print.Là ¸tvedt, Pia, et al. Chicken Domestication Changes Expression of Stress-Related Genes in Brain, Pituitary . Neurobiology of Stress 7.Supplement C (2017): 113-21. Print.and AdrenalsLuzuriaga-Neira, A., et al. On the Origins and Genetic Diversity of South American Chickens: One Step Closer. Animal Genetics 48.3 (2017): 353-57. Print.Peters, Joris, et al. Holocene Cultural History of Red Jungle Fowl (Gallus Gallus) and Its Domestic Descendant in East Asia. Quaternary Science Reviews 142 (2016): 102-1 9. Print. Pitt, Jacqueline, et al. New Perspectives on the Ecology of Early Domestic Fowl: An Interdisciplinary Approach. Journal of Archaeological Science 74 (2016): 1-10. Print.Zhang, Long, et al. Genetic Evidence from Mitochondrial DNA Corroborates the Origin of Tibetan Chickens. PLOS ONE 12.2 (2017): e0172945. Print.

Knock the writers block - Emphasis

Knock the writers block Knock the writers block Most people have felt the curse of the dreaded writers block: that plummeting feeling of panic that takes hold as you stare hopelessly at a blank page, or at that accursed flashing cursor. If youre afflicted with this condition, youre in good company. Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Ralph Ellison and F. Scott Fitzgerald are all said to have been fellow sufferers. So dont despair just read on to help release the report (or proposal, letter, webpage) within. The block explained The main reason for writers block is anxiety. And our worries may stem from several causes for example, we: dont understand the brief want our document to be just too perfect have too much information have too little information have too little time. A second reason for not being able to get going is boredom we may feel totally uninspired by the piece we have to write. Finally, and quite understandably, we might just have too much going on in our lives outside work and cant concentrate on the task in hand. The block strikes Wherever it comes from, that horrible state of blankness can be utterly debilitating. The times were most likely to have difficulty are right at the beginning and around the conclusion of our piece of work. Breaking the block Luckily, there are many ways to solve this problem. And here are some that will save your document and your sanity. Plan properly You can reduce your anxiety enormously by planning properly. To do this well, make sure you ask your line manager or reader enough questions about the brief before you begin. You may start off feeling quite confident, but this can quickly evaporate if youre not entirely sure where youre headed and why. Try drawing a spidergram: put the topic or title at the centre and make each leg an important aspect you need to cover. Ask yourself what you need to say about each of these aspects: asking yourself the who-what-why-how-where questions will help to make sure youve got it all down. Leave off the hair shirt Dont beat yourself up, itll only add to the feeling of frustration. Instead, put it in perspective and consider the readers point of view. This will take your focus away from your own fears, as well as producing a document that will be best for your intended audience. If youre just feeling a bit fed up with it all, try to remember what made you enthusiastic about your subject in the first place or why it is a worthy topic. After all, if youre bored with what you write, why should anyone else want to read it? Manage your time If your problem is procrastination, then set a time to start and stick to it. If the whole task seems huge and overwhelming, tell yourself you will just do fifteen minutes then have a break. Chopping assignments into chunks makes the whole process feel more manageable. Find out more on a writing skills course You can boost your business-writing confidence still further by attending one of our High-impact business writing courses. You can learn a surprising amount from our expert trainers in as little as one day, and become much more able and enthusiastic about your writing.

Role of ECOWAS union in the socio-economic development of West Africa Essay

Role of ECOWAS union in the socio-economic development of West Africa - Essay Example f the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) has helped or hindered the economic progress of the countries in West Africa, with particular focus on the socio-economic conditions of the populations in those countries. In West Africa, ECOWAS has the following member countries: Benin, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Cote d’Ivoire, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone and Togo. This structure was set up to promote â€Å"cooperation and integration† leading to an economic union in West Africa â€Å"in order to raise the living standards of its peoples† (ECOWAS website, 2011). A Pan-African slant is also evident in that the intention to promote progress and development on the whole continent is explicitly stated. For a common market to occur; regional economic reform would have to take place; integration particularly in food, agriculture and natural resources was seen as vital. Furthermore the establishment of a common market through liberalization of trade among West African States was envisioned. An important aspect of the ECOWAS initiative is also to ensure a common external tariff and trade policy with regard to third countries, outside this initiative. Additionally, a stated intention in the ECOWAS revised treaty is to promote â€Å"balanced development† and a focus on the â€Å"special problems of each Member State particularly those of land-locked and small island Member States† (ECOWAS website, 2011).Thus the intention is to improve standards of living, improve Gross Domestic Product (GDP), improve Per-Capita Income (PCI) and generally improve West Africa’s trading position in a global economy for the citizens of this entire region (ECOWAS website, 2011). This has not happened. The elites – both within... This essay presents a modern thorough analysis of the state of economies of West Africa countries, that participate in the ECOWAS union, their political stances, and their trade policies. The world economy and West Africa’s part in it will be examined in this paper. In West Africa, ECOWAS has the following member countries: Benin, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Cà ´te d’Ivoire, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone and Togo. This structure was set up to promote cooperation and integration leading to an economic union in West Africa . A Pan-African slant is also evident in that the intention to promote progress and development on the whole continent is stated. The establishment of a common market through liberalization of trade among West African States was envisioned. An important aspect of the ECOWAS initiative is also to ensure a common external tariff and trade policy with regard to third countries, outside this initiative Economic and political power on a global stage continues to be centered in Europe and North America. There has been no real change in the international economic power relations after the Colonial Era, despite the growth of Asian economies. The relationship between West Africa and the central economic powers is highly influenced by history, and also by current political conditions in the countries of the region. Despite free trade agreements between the countries of West Africa, prosperity is not immediately, or perhaps even in the long term achievable.